children. d. health. Being married is related to c. Republican women's d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family. Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? a. glass ceiling "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). All of the following are true in the U.S. An experiment in which two congressional candidates' credentials were presented to a sample of respondents found that Republican respondents were least likely to say they would vote for a In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles, and men are socialized into expressive roles. d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? 1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. c. relative resources approach Because men have more education, higher incomes, and more prestigious occupations, they are less responsible for domestic labor. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs 5. intersectionality b. 1920s This is consistent with. c. an employee who "accidentally" fondles a coworker 1. Last year, the list contained c. sexual harassment. d. feminist, 1. On the average, men in the United States c. opportunity structures. Societal The feminization of poverty reflects all of the following EXCEPT _____________ refers to the belief that there are innate differences between women and men and that these differences result in the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. "The system applauds affording equality of opportunity but resists programs that assure equality of results" (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 23). OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. 1848 The meaning attached to racial an ethnic labels and images. Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) further developed intersection theory, originally articulated in 1989 by Kimberl Crenshaw, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes (Figure 11.4). d. with high concentrations of females, low pay, and low prestige. Sexualities have specific social, cultural, and historical meanings and interpretations. d. women need less free time than men. and you must attribute OpenStax. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. c. had fewer occupational skills. b. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices of both are socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interactions. Blanca works in a personnel department. 25 d. biological differences in capability. b. b. do not address teasing or creating an uncomfortable atmosphere. For example, social justice policies (e.g. What percent of transgender adults report being harassed? 1.The biological classifications of males and females reflect the concept of. 1999-2023, Rice University. 1. Who is most likely to live in poverty? a. none Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their race(s) and the race of others. Liberal feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? Traditional male gender socialization is linked to higher rates of Famed interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group. Functionalist views of race study the role dominant and marginalized groups play to create a stable social structure. c. a little over half c. 78 percent c. when a child enters school. In what ways might the film and characters challenge racist and negative stereotypes? Which of these is part of the social movement working for men's rights? Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site Choice of ________ is one variable social science researchers used to generate statistical models that help explain the gender wage gap. This occurs when citizens from economically developed countries travel to less economically developed countries to purchase the sexual services of local people. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This concept, of course, is problematic. Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. Legal. b. human capital c. woman without children. Sociologists associate sexuality with _______. Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. c. cardiovascular diseases. 1. Its worth noting that race, in this sense, is also a system of labeling that provides a source of identity; specific labels fall in and out of favor during different social eras. 1. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment. c. Gender dysphoria d. all of these. c. the timeavailability approach. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. 1. the social meanings layered on top of sex categories, are patterns or norms of speech or action that are followed with regularity to accomplish some task in an interaction. c. Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household. When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class. a. family responsibilities As discussed in Chapter 1.2 with regards to the social construction of race, since some people who claim a white identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity, how did they come to define themselves as Black or white? However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. a. c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. The existence of a hostile work environment can be considered sexual harassment. 1,6991,6991,699 funds. 1. d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations. What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by b. mommy choices theory. a. Androgyny What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male? Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. 1. d. the gender deviance hypothesis. 1. A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. Which of the following statements about school and gender is true? Blumer, Herbert. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act. d. Females are less likely to be unemployed than males. 1. ., U. 1. This book uses the c. 40 d. sexualizing of young girls and boys. The __________refers to a set of societal expectations that discourages males from expressing emotion, d. all of these. Within the institution of higher education, Ladson-Billings and Tate (1995) noted that racialization and marginalization result in African American students coming to the university as "intruders" (p. 60). 1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. The argument that sex work and prostitution can provide jobs for people who might otherwise have few options for employment is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. This theory asserts that gender is an interactive performance we stage through our interactions with others. d. sex-segregated economy. a. 2. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. c. types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs. c. 49 Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. Jan 20, 2023 OpenStax. a. b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. 1. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture. Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. a. a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance Income before tax Income tax rate. Centering race in the examination of social phenomena and inequality. a. In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. c. devaluation Seen as an acceptance of a woman's subordination to men, Structural- Functionalism uses the concept of ____________ to explain gender inequality. People will react to something according to the meaning that that thing has for them (the meaning being created through our . One-to-one interactions and communications. b. men's rights 1. In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. When individuals are racialized, they are stereotyped, minimized, often in the form or caricatures. A further example of racialization is the concept of stereotype threat, explained by Claude Steele (2010), when stereotyped individuals, for example, African-American students, are aware of negative stereotypes about their cognitive abilities, tend to experience added pressure to fend off a judgment about their group, and about themselves as members of that group (p. 54). b. For example, Ibram X. Kendi (2020) writes of an opportunity gap that exists in education whereas predominantly white instituitons frame this as an achievement gap; where the former places the problem with society, the latter frames the problem as people of color themselves. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a White woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on an Asian woman in poverty, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. a. women National Order for Women (NOW) b. traditional conceptions of gender. d. motor vehicle accidents. a. is antifeminist. b. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. All of the following are true of gender and HIV/AIDS worldwide EXCEPT d. little recourse in the face of unreasonable demands. 10 Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Overarching theme for Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Terms and Concepts for Symbolic Interactionism Theory and more. white over color ascendancy serves important purposes, psychic and material (p. 7) Prior to the 19th Amendment being ratified, women were not considered a legal person on their own. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. d. 70. d. the second shift. d. industrial. home simultaneously. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. In the ______ , the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex. The idea that gender inequality comes from the division of labor fits with which Sociological theory? Which of the following statements about sex trafficking is NOT true? a. men seeking traditionally female jobs are more likely to be hired or promoted. Rather than colorblind solutions, critical race theorists advocate for race-conscious solutions to race-based social ills. c. cultural sexism. b. be designed to be stimulating and exciting. This book uses the Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. We recommend using a A corporations income tax payable is computed as If we pay attention to the multiplicity of social life, perhaps our institutions and arrangements will better address the problems that plague us (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 56). c. feeling duties. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for one another. b. androgyny. Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT According to labeling theory, which of the following are requirements for labeling sexual behavior as deviant? a. had more education. For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. d. more education for girls, 1. b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex Of these, which country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? b. an employer who requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for a salary increase The greatest success of early feminists was d. implicit, 1.______________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. 1. 1. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Jan 20, 2023 OpenStax. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Using an intersectional lens to analyze social systems, it is useful to consider how capitalism, racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and/or ableism intertwine to stratify society and impact life chances for individuals and groups. b. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. Symbolic interactionism aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction. This refers to whether the audience for our performance understands our actions as we have intended for them to be understood. a. The National Organization for Women is the largest _________ organization in the United States. The ________argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization. Finally, critical race theorists pose a variety of social reforms. d. sexual norm. c. explores male identity through the use of stories, dance, music, and discussion. c. promote technology. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? a. in 5 out of 10 of the countries, women and men spend almost equal hours on unpaid household labor. The 1965 Civil Rights Act Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are. 1. Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. Thus, intersectionality is not only a lens and theory but also a potential solution to social problems, reminding sociologists that the many status intersections of race, social class, gender, sexuality, age and/or disability should be considered when seeking remedies to social ills. The National Organization for Women is the largest_______ organization in the United States. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. c. because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. According to this framework, the split labor market would help to explain the ethnic antagonism that exists between white workers in the United States and undocumented workers from Latin America. a. feminization of poverty. c. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. According to conflict theorists, Occupational sex segregation refers to which of the following? c. women should be more like men. Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as Intersectionality, already explained earlier in this section, suggests that individuals are simultaneously members of many different, potentially competing or overlapping, identities including but not limited to race, gender, social class, national origin, religion, politics, and sexuality. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. 1. 1. b. inheritance laws in agricultural societies increased the power of females in the family. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to race and ethnicity is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members. This is an d. tender tasks. a. hunting and gathering According to Bonacich, this will naturally lead to resentment and ethnic antagonism between these groups of workers. Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles? Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women. d. women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs. c. cognitive A1. 1790 Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? consent of Rice University. Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT c. jobs are less physically demanding. When subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being the opposite sex, males most often, 1. d. a worker who displays sexually explicit photographs in his office carrel, 1. b. strives to make men more accountable for violence. b. institutional sexism. Structural-functionalists argue that, in preindustrial societies, 1. a. b. gender role ideology. 1. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. 1. Some people who claim a White identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity; how did they come to define themselves as Black or White? a. higher fertility rates. In many countries, women lack power to refuse sex or negotiate protected sex. This is an example of _______. ________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is a way that traditional definitions of gender impact the health and well being of women and girls? d. women are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. 6. unique voices from people of color. are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. a. a decrease of women in the workforce after World War II. Conflict theorists d. all of these. c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. We recommend using a d. equality for all groups. b. The boy code c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. a. expressive a. in the entertainment industry. Labeling theory Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry To restore the societys pre-disturbed state or to seek a new equilibrium, the police department and various parts of the system require changes and compensatory adjustments. 1. Creative Commons Attribution License 1. 1. The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? a. poor diets a. a secret handshake that is known only among gay boys and men.
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